autophagosome formation in several experimental settings. However, inhibition of autophage requires very high concentrations of 3MA, which inevitably induce side effects and impact other cellular processes. In addition, CQ, which is a lysosomotropic agent, preferentially accumulating in the lysosomes of cells and raising intralysosomal pH, might block the pH-dependent fusion of LVSVGmu and is perhaps not suited for enhancing LV-SVGmubased vaccine delivery. Therefore, novel inhibitors of autophagy are highly 9400011 desirable for this vectored vaccine system to increase the immunization effectiveness. Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and a translational acceleration grant from the Joint Center for Translational Medicine. As sessile organisms, plants are continuously threatened by a suite of biotic and abiotic stress factors. Many of the defense mechanisms employed to counteract these stresses are controlled by an array of signal transduction pathways within which plant hormones function as key signaling molecules. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene are the classic immunity hormones, while the 
importance of other small-molecule hormones including auxin, brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, cytokinins and abscisic acid is now gaining momentum. Upon infection, plants produce a highly specific blend of hormonal alarm signals, resulting in the activation of disparate sets of attacker-specific immune responses. SA, for instance, is commonly associated with defense against biotrophic pathogens, whereas necrotrophic pathogens are generally believed 22619121 to be deterred by JA/ET-driven defenses. Yet, rather than driving independent, linear routes of signal processing, hormones function within complex regulatory networks that connect the different pathways, enabling each to assist or antagonize the others. This interplay or so-called `crosstalk’ between individual hormones is thought to confer flexibility to the immune response, allowing the plant to adjust its inducible defense arsenal to the type of attacker encountered. Exciting new developments, however, indicate that crosstalk may also allow successful pathogens to manipulate the plant’s defense signaling network for their own benefit by shutting down effective defenses. A classic example reflecting this situation is the production by some Pseudomonas syringae strains of a phytotoxin called coronatine that structurally resembles JA derivatives, including JA-isoleucine. Coronatine is actively secreted in the host and hyperactivates JA signaling, resulting in suppression of effectual SA-mediated D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate web defenses and increased disease susceptibility. Contrary to the relative wealth of information with respect to SA, JA and ET serving as defense regulators, the role of abscisic acid in plant innate immunity is still poorly understood. Most comprehensively studied for its role in plant responses to environmental stresses, ABA has only recently emerged as a pivotal determinant in the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. In some interactions, ABA positively influences disease outcomes. For instance, ABA primes for callose deposition and thereby enhances basal defense against the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis and the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria Role of ABA in Rice Defense against Xoo brassicicola, and also activates JA-mediated resistance against the oomycete Pythium irregulare. In addition, ABA is required for stomatal closure, which as par
