Nual precipitation 261 mm Central valley floor dominated by Ericaceous evergreen (Cassiope tetragona), by heaths and arctic willow (Salix arctica)j, and by snow-beds, grasslands, and fens. This Higher Arctic ecosystem has relatively low biodiversity and low species redundancy BioBasis programme of NERI, Danish Environmental Protection NAMI-A web Agency, CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring), ECOGLOBE (Aarhus University), INTERACT, World Wildlife Fund, GeoBasis, NARPProjectscollected information on a wide selection of variables due to the fact 1975 (Hobbie 2014). The long-term analysis website within the Zackenberg Valley (Table 1) is situated on the coast of northeast Greenland exactly where environmental and ecological data happen to be collected considering the fact that 1995 (National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University2). Each web pages are underlain by numerous meters of continuous permafrost and have similar average annualhttp:information.g-e-m.dk.temperatures of -8 . Summers, nevertheless, are shorter and cooler at Zackenberg (4.five ) than at Toolik (9 ). The brief and cool summers with the Zackenberg valley restrict the PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301620 number of vascular plant species in the dominant moist heath tundra so this High Arctic web site features a relatively low biodiversity (Callaghan 2005; Schmidt et al. 2012). In contrast, the rolling uplands in the Low Arctic Toolik website are dominated by dwarf-shrub heath-tussock tundra and have a lot of much more plant species. Bliss (1997) surveyed the North American Arctic, such as Greenland, and reported that the Higher Arctic has 300 species, largely herbaceous types, whilst the Low Arctic has 700 species, including numerous woody species like birch and willow.The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com www.kva.seenSAmbio 2017, 46(Suppl. 1):S160MATERIALS AND Solutions Environmental and ecological monitoring at Toolik and Zackenberg The monitoring system at Toolik incorporates measurements on streams, lakes, and tundra (Table two). In this short article, we include results of permafrost temperatures, vegetation growth, thaw depth, and lake alkalinity (Cherry et al. 2014; Shaver et al. 2014; Kling et al. 2014), extend the air temperature data, and add long-term satellite measures of plant biomass. The monitoring plan of tundra and lakes at Zackenberg includes climate, the thickness with the active layer, plant community abundance, and productivity, and trends in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem components. 
Methods for information from Toolik Cherry et al. (2014) described the surface air temperature (SAT) for the Toolik Field Station for the period 1989010 (Fig. 2). Here we update the annual data by means of 2014 (Fig. 2) and also separately analyze the air temperature in winter, spring, summer, and fall seasons (Fig. three).Romanovsky et al. (2010) measured permafrost temperatures as soon as a year due to the fact 1983 at a depth of 20 m in boreholes along the Dalton Highway. As a a part of the international CALM program (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring described in Brown et al. 2000), summer season thaw depth from the active layer in moist acidic tundra at Toolik was measured applying steel probes at 96 individual internet sites within a 200 9 900 m grid. At each site, three measurements had been averaged, in addition to a grand average of all web-sites was calculated for every single of two dates in summers from 1990 to 2011. Added information on thawing the soil came for measures of alkalinity in Toolik Lake. Alkalinity was determined by potentiometric titration (Kling et al. 1992, 2000) and was averaged across depth and.
