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The P2X7R KO mice. We thank JV Priestley, G Burnstock, and G Knight for vital reading of the manuscript. This function was supported by a Nathalie Rose Barr PhD Studentship from International Spinal Study Trust (NRB094) (to YZ and XB) in addition to a Wellcome Trust grant (CDK19 manufacturer 084688/Z/08/Z) to XB and YZ). YZ was supported by a grant from Medtronic UK (to JY and HE). SL was supported by studentship from Semyung University (to XB and JY).1. Fortun J, Hill CE, Bunge MB. Combinatorial approaches with Schwann cell transplantation to enhance repair with the injured spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2009; 456: 12432. two. Hill CE, Moon LD, Wood PM, Bunge MB. Labeled Schwann cell transplantation: cell loss, host Schwann cell replacement, and methods to boost survival. Glia 2006; 53: 33843. three. Pearse DD, Sanchez AR, Pereira FC, Andrade CM, Puzis R, Pressman Y et al. Transplantation of Schwann cells and/or olfactory ensheathing glia in to the contused spinal cord: Survival, migration, axon association, and functional recovery. Glia 2007; 55: 976000. 4. Haider H, Ashraf M. Strategies to market donor cell survival: combining preconditioning approach with stem cell transplantation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45: 55466. 5. Fields RD, Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in neuron-glia interactions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 42336. 6. Khakh BS, North RA. P2X receptors as cell-surface ATP sensors in well being and disease. Nature 2006; 442: 52732. 7. Newman EA. Propagation of intercellular calcium waves in retinal P2Y2 Receptor manufacturer astrocytes and Muller cells. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2215223. eight. Dou Y, Wu HJ, Li HQ, Qin S, Wang YE, Li J et al. Microglial migration mediated by ATPinduced ATP release from lysosomes. Cell Res 2012; 22: 1022033. 9. Domercq M, Perez-Samartin A, Aparicio D, Alberdi E, Pampliega O, Matute C. P2X7 receptors mediate ischemic damage to oligodendrocytes. Glia 2010; 58: 73040.Cell Death and DiseaseP2X7 receptor induces Schwann cell death J Luo et al10. Virginio C, MacKenzie A, North RA, Surprenant A. Kinetics of cell lysis, dye uptake and permeability adjustments in cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor. J Physiol 1999; 519: 33546. 11. North RA. Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev 2002; 82: 1013067. 12. Volonte C, Apolloni S, Skaper SD, Burnstock G. P2X7 receptors: channels, pores and more. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2012; 11: 70521. 13. Surprenant A, Rassendren F, Kawashima E, North RA, Buell G. The cytolytic P2Z receptor for extracellular ATP identified as a P2X receptor (P2X7). Science 1996; 272: 73538. 14. Falzoni S, Munerati M, Ferrari D, Spisani S, Moretti S, Di Virgilio F. The purinergic P2Z receptor of human macrophage cells. Characterization and achievable physiological part. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1207216. 15. Coutinho-Silva R, Persechini PM, Bisaggio RD, Perfettini JL, Neto AC, Kanellopoulos JM et al. P2Z/P2X7 receptor-dependent apoptosis of dendritic cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: C1139 1147. 16. Sperlagh B, Vizi ES, Wirkner K, Illes P. P2X7 receptors inside the nervous method. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 78: 32746. 17. Matute C. P2X7 receptors in oligodendrocytes: a novel target for neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 38: 12328. 18. Deuchars SA, Atkinson L, Brooke RE, Musa H, Milligan CJ, Batten TF et al. Neuronal P2X7 receptors are targeted to presynaptic terminals within the central and peripheral nervous systems. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 7143152. 19. Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Dal Susino M, Collo G, Buell G et al. ATP-mediated cytotoxicity in microglial cell.

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